Constraints Faced by the Rural Youth in Farm Activities

Rural areas are the economic backbone of the country and contribute to the economic growth for development of other sectors. Major portion of the rural population depends on agriculture for their income. In recent years the participation of rural youth in agriculture is declining. This is due to the constraints faced by them and migration to urban areas. A study was conducted in nine villages of Vaniyambadi taluk in Tamil Nadu to assess the constraints faced by rural youth in farm activities. The primary constraint faced by rural youth was lack of technical skills from resource persons, fear of external constraints like pests & disease followed by difficulty in accessing financial resources, low income generation and lack of proper marketing facilities. Suggestions to overcome the constraints and methods to attract rural youth towards agriculture are also provided

Eco-friendly Synthesis, Spectral Correlation Analysis, and Antimicrobial Activities of Substituted (E)-1-benzylidene-2-(3-nitrophenyl)hydrazines

In the present study, a series of ten substituted (E)-1-benzylidene-2-(3-nitrophenyl)hydrazine compounds have been synthesized by condensation of  3-nitrophenylhydrazine with various substituted benzaldehydes using SiO2-H3PO4 catalyst under solvent free condition. This method involves shorter reaction time (5-10 minutes) with excellent yield (80-90%). The structures of the synthesized (E)-1-benzylidene-2-(3-nitrophenyl)hydrazines have been characterized by their physical constants, UV, FT-IR and NMR spectral data. The characterized UV, FT-IR and NMR spectral data have been correlated with Hammett constants using single-linear and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of single-linear and multi-linear regression analysis the effect of substituents on the spectral data have been discussed.  The antimicrobial activities of all the (E)-1-benzylidene-2-(3-nitrophenyl)hydrazine compounds have been tested using Bauer-Kirby method. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v8i5.86

Synthesis, Evaluation of Substituent Effect and Antimicrobial Activities of Substituted (E)-1-(3-bromo-4-morpholinophenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one Compounds

A series of ten substituted (E)-1-(3-bromo-4-morpholinophenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one compounds were synthesized by Crossed-Aldol condensation of 3-bromo-4-marpholino acetophenone with various substituted and unsubstituted benzaldehydes in presence of sodium hydroxide. The entire ten compounds are novel and these have been newly synthesized compounds. The synthesized substituted 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one were characterized by their physical constants and UV, IR, NMR spectral data. These observed UV absorption maximum (λmax nm) value. The group frequencies of infrared absorption (cm-1) of νCO s-cis and s-trans, deformation modes of νCH out of plane and in-plane, νCH=CH out of plane, ν>C=C<out of plane values, 1H chemical shifts (ppm) vinyl protons, 13C chemical shifts (ppm) carbonyl carbons and vinyl carbons values were correlated with various Hammett substituent constants, and Swain-Lupton parameters using single and multi-regression analyses. From the results of statistical analysis, the effects of substituents on the functional group frequencies were studied. The antimicrobial activities of these synthesized substituted (E)-1-(3-bromo-4-morpholinophenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ones have been screened using Kirby-Bauer method. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v9i1.85

Synthesis, spectral correlation analysis and evaluation of biological activities of some substituted hydrazones

Some novel substituted hydrazone derivatives of amino guanidine have been synthesized with different substituted benzaldehydes by condensation method. The synthesized hydrazones were characterized by their physical constants, UV, IR and NMR spectra. The spectral data have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants and Swain–Lupton parameters. From the result of statistical analysis, the effects of substituents on the spectral data have been predicted. The antimicrobial activities of these synthesized hydrazone compounds have been screened by Bauer-Kirby method using human pathogenic bacteria and fungal species. The antimicrobial activities of all synthesized hydrazone compounds have shown significant activity

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Molluscs and sediment from Uppanar Estuary, Southeast Coast of India

The concentration of (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Zn) were analyzed in sediments, shells and tissues of the molluscs Meretrix meretrix, Crassostrea madrasensis and Cerithidea cingulata from two stations of Uppanar Estuary, southeast coast of India. The concentrations of the heavy metals analyzed exhibited variations in sediments, tissues and shells of the study animal from all the two stations. Zn and Cu concentration were below the alarming level. In the present study Mg content was found to be higher in shell and tissue. The Fe content was found to be higher in sediment in both the stations, but it was the second highest metal recorded in shell and tissue. Cd and Co was minimum accumulated of all the metals estimated in sediment and animal whereas Mg was recorded maximum (548.3 ± 5) in C. cingulata shell. All the metals analysed were within the safety level. The combined correlation of both the stations between the sediment vs. sediment, tissue vs. tissue, shell vs. shell were positively correlated and significant at P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 level. In addition to continuous contribution of pollutants due to human activities, industries may have a significant contribution of these metals in all the stations. As suggested by many reported studies found in the literature, regular biomonitoring of heavy metal concentrations at these sites is needed since Meretrix meretrix, Crassostrea madrasensis are a popular commercial bivalve in India

Synthesis, spectral LFER and antimicrobial activities of some (E)-N׳-(1-(substituted phenyl)ethylidene)benzohydrazides

About eleven substituted (E)-N׳-(1-(substituted phenyl) ethylidene) benzo- hydrazides have been synthesized. They are characterized by their analytical, ultraviolet, infrared and NMR spectral data. The antibacterial and fungal activities of these chalcones have been evaluated

A review of compensation topologies and control techniques of bidirectional wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicle applications

Owing to the constantly rising energy demand, Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-equipped vehicles are being replaced by Electric Vehicles (EVs). The other advantage of using EVs is that the batteries can be utilised as an energy storage device to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources. Integrating EVs with the grid is one of the recent advancements in EVs using Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. A bidirectional technique enables power transfer between the grid and the EV batteries. Moreover, the Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer (BWPT) method can support consumers in automating the power transfer process without human intervention. However, an effective BWPT requires a proper vehicle and grid coordination with reasonable control and compensation networks. Various compensation techniques have been proposed in the literature, both on the transmitter and receiver sides. Selecting suitable compensation techniques is a critical task affecting the various design parameters. In this study, the basic compensation topologies of the Series-Series (SS), Series-Parallel (SP), Parallel-Parallel (PP), Parallel-Series (SP), and hybrid compensation topology design requirements are investigated. In addition, the typical control techniques for bidirectional converters, such as Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), sliding mode, fuzzy logic control, model predictive, and digital control, are discussed. In addition, different switching modulation schemes, including Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) control, PWM + Phase Shift control, Single-Phase Shift, Dual-Phase Shift, and Triple-Phase Shift methods, are discussed. The characteristics and control strategies of each are presented, concerning the typical applications. Based on the review analysis, the low-power (Level 1/Level 2) charging applications demand a simple SS compensation topology with a PID controller and a Single-Phase Shift switching method. However, for the medium- or high-power applications (Level 3/Level 4), the dual-side LCC compensation with an advanced controller and a Dual-Side Phase-Shift switching pattern is recommended.Web of Science1520art. no. 781